An Overview of Natural Gas Compression

Efficient natural gas compression contributes to the economic viability of natural gas production and distribution. 

FREMONT, CA: Natural gas compression is a critical process in the energy industry. It facilitates natural gas transportation from production sites to distribution networks and end-users by compressing it to increase its pressure, enabling efficient storage, transportation, and utilization. Natural gas, primarily composed of methane, is extracted from underground reservoirs through drilling operations. However, due to its low density and high compressibility, it must be compressed for efficient transport over long distances via pipelines or storage in underground facilities. 

The compression process involves reducing the volume of natural gas while increasing its pressure. It is achieved using compressors, mechanical devices designed to compress gases. Various compressors are used in natural gas compression, including centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Centrifugal compressors use high-speed rotating impellers to impart kinetic energy to the gas while reciprocating compressors use pistons to compress the gas in a cyclic motion. Compression systems often have multiple stages, further compressing the gas to the desired pressure level. 

Intercoolers or aftercoolers are sometimes used between stages to remove heat generated during compression, improving efficiency and reducing wear on the equipment. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is transported through pipelines spanning vast distances. Compression stations along the pipeline route maintain the pressure required for the gas to flow efficiently. Compressors are strategically placed at intervals to overcome frictional losses and elevation changes. Natural gas is stored in underground reservoirs, depleted gas fields, or salt caverns for future use. Compression is necessary to inject high-pressure gas into these storage facilities, ensuring it remains condensed until needed.

Gas pressure is regulated at distribution points to meet the requirements of end-users. Compression facilities near distribution centers help maintain pressure levels within the network, ensuring a steady gas supply to residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. Before transportation via pipelines or ships, natural gas often undergoes processing to remove impurities and condensates. Compression plays a crucial role in this processing stage by maintaining pressure levels required for efficient natural gas separation and liquefaction. Compressing natural gas reduces its volume, allowing more efficient transportation and storage. 

Natural gas compression ensures a reliable gas supply to consumers, even in remote locations or during periods of high demand. Compression infrastructure enhances the resilience of the natural gas distribution network. It enables access to distant markets, promotes trade, and supports economic growth in regions with abundant natural gas resources. Natural gas compression is a fundamental process that allows the efficient transportation, storage, and distribution of natural gas. It is vital in maintaining gas flow throughout the distribution network.